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A SKETCH 

or THZ 

COLONIZATION ENTERPRISE, 

A.XD OF 

THE SOIL, CLIMATE AND PRODUCTION OF LIBERIA, 









The American Colonization Society was formed at the City 
of Washington, in December, 1816. Its object, the Colonization of 
Free Persons of Color by the United States of their own consent, in 
Africa. This enterprise had been the subject of consideration for 
many years of some of the distinguished statesmen and philanthro- 
pists of this country. The Rev. Robert Finley, of New Jersey, was 
the first to propose and urge the formation of this Society, and he 
was among its first and most zealous members. Elias B. Caldwell, 
son of the Rev. Mr. Caldwell of revolutionary memory, also of New 
Jersey, resident at Washington, was one of the co-adjutors of the 
Rev. Mr. Finley, and first Secretary of the Society, in which office 
he continued until his death. To particularize the first and succeed- 
ing patrons and friends of this enterprise would be to name a large 
portion of the most eminent of our citizens. The Hon. Bushrod 
Washington was the first president of the society — Mr. Carroll, the 
second — James Madison, late President of the United States, his suc- 
cessor, and the Hon. Henry Clay is the present incumbent. 

Auxiliary State Societies were early formed in most of the States, 
and in many, numerous subordinate societies, by whose combined 
means, aided by benevolent individuals, funds were raised to carry 
its measures into effect. 

Resolutions approving of the Society have been passed by the Le- 
gislatures of most of the States, and every denomination of Chris- 
tians, in their larger ecclesiastical assemblies, recommending the So- 
ciety to the patronage and good wishes of the community. 



2 

Nearly five years, from the formation of the Society, was occupied 
in collecting information, examining the coasts and negotiating with 
the natives of Africa for a suitable location for the Colony. The 
Island of Sherbrp was first selected, and an attempt made to establish 
a colony there, but it failed from the treachery of the natives and 
injudiciousness of the location. It was abandoned, and early in 
1821, the surviving emigrants were taken to Sierra Leone, as a 
temporary residence. In December of the same year Capt. R. F. 
Stockton, of the United States Navy, arrived in the schooner Alliga- 
tor at Sierra Leone, and agreed to accompany Dr. Ayres, chief 
agent of the Society to Cape Mesurado to obtain, if possible, territory 
for the colony, and which they ultimately effected. The following 
highly interesting account of the negotiation is given by Captain 
Stockton : — 

" After hearing the melancholy catastrophe which had attended the 
attempt to settle on the island of Sherbro, and the judicious temporary 
arrangements that had been made for the survivors in the neighbor- 
hood of Sierra Leone, it was resolved to proceed immediately down 
the coast, for the purpose of selecting the most eligible place to re- 
establish the Colony. Cape Mesurado was selected, and notwithstand- 
ing the dfficulties and disappointments which have attended the various 
negotiations, for the last hundred years, to secure that spot, it was 
determined forthwith to make the effort. The intercourse of that 
people with the European nations in carrying on the slave trade, had 
made them somewhat familiar with the Christian character, and they 
had been by the slave dealers led to understand that the object of all 
such Colonies were to put an end to the slave trade, which had for 
many years been their principal business, and through which they 
received those luxuries, which they supposed could not be obtained by 
any other means. On the arrival of the vessel at the Capes, a messen- 
ger was sent to the king. The next day he came to the shore to hold 
a palaver, and to ascertain the object of the visit. It was explained 
to him ; he gave his assent, and promised his protection, and that on 
the day following he would sign the treaty. But after he had received 
all the presents that were taken on shore for him, he thought proper to 
treat the present negotiation as he had all former ones. He returned 
unexpectedly, and contrary to his promise to his town, and refused to 
have any thing more to do with the matter. The Agent, Dr. Ayres, 
and Mr. Nicholson, the carpenter of the vessel, both citizens of New 
Jersey, agreed to go with their Commander to the town of the King, 
and insist upon the performance of his engagements, or the return of 
the presents. 

"They had a long and dreary walk through a wilderness, accessible 
only by the blind path they were treading, guided by two "Kroomen." 
On their arrival at the town, they were received with civility, and 
conducted immediately to the Palaver House, in which there was a 
platform, on which the King sat on all great occasions. 

" Whilst the King and his head men were preparing for the Palaver. 



these gentlemen ingratiated themselves with the people, by distributing 
among them various presents. The King finally arrived, with a great 
number of persons in his train ; he received the officers with kindness 
and some address, and ascended his throne. The Commander follow- 
ed and seated himself beside the King, with his two companions near 
to him. The King had two good interpreters, who seemed to be very 
proper men, and well disposed. The negotiation was renewed by 
professions of good will on both sides, and proceeded with mutual 
satisfaction. The King believed that the settlement proposed would 
not directly interfere with the slave trade, or deprive them of their 
accustomed European supplies ; and he pledged himself as a King, in 
the presence of his people and the great spirit,* that he would on the 
next day hold a Palaver on the sea shore and sign the treaty. 

" At this moment, an English mulatto, who was supposed to be friend- 
ly, but who had not been before seen, walked into the assembly, and 
declared to the King, that what had been said to him was false ; that 
the object of the white man was to destroy their trade, and entirely to 
cut off' their commerce. In proof of which, he said, that the very 
vessel now lying in the Bay, and these men now before you had cap- 
tured a few months ago, two French vessels coming with presents and 
for trade, and took them to their own country. In one instant, this 
immense multitude, who had been previously seated on the ground, 
sprung to their feet, and uttered a cry of revenge and war that can 
never be forgotten by those who heard it. 

" These officers looked round, in vain, for help. All, all appeared to 
be lost — as far as it depended upon human means. They determined, 
however, to die like christians and men ; and whilst with one hand, 
the life of the King was put in jeopardy, with the other was made the 
last appeal to high heaven in behalf of Africa. And as they cast their 
eyes above, from this small clearing in the wilderness, they saw the 
clear blue sky, and the same sun that was then shining upon their 
beloved families and friends. Yes, there was the God of their Pilgrim 
Fathers — the same God who had watched over and protected their 
happy country — and who guided their own adventurous footsteps 
into the present peril. There was he, in all the glory of his omnisci- 
ence, and all the splendor of his power. 

" The appeal was heard — and this countless band of fierce barbari- 
ans fell prostrate to the earth, amazed at this grand spectacle of man's 
faith and God's power. 

"The next day the treaty was signed." 

In January, 1822, Dr. Ayres directed the removal of the emigrants 
which had been left at Sierra Leone to Cape Mesurado, which was 
the first location of a colony by the Society in Liberia. 

"The central point of the old colony of Liberia, proper, now called 
the colony of Monrovia, is Cape Mesurado, or Montserado, which is 
represented as a most beautiful and commanding site. Liberia, em- 
bracing all the distinct colonies which are or may be planted, is situated 

* These people worship Ilio Sun. 



4 

about 5 degrees N. of the equater, and 250 miles S. of Sierra Leone, 
the English colony. It extends along the coast to the length of 150 
to 300 miles ; and reaches into the interior indefinitely. Rivers, some 
of considerable size, water the country throughout. The soil is ex- 
tremely fertile, and abounds in all the productions of tropical climates. 
The population, at the present time, may be estimated at 5,000. 

" The chief city in the old colony, or colony of Monrovia, is Monro- 
via ; so called in honor of the late ex-President of the United States, 
James Monroe. It is situated on Montserado, at the mouth of the 
Mesurado river ; and contains about 500 houses and stores — a court- 
house — five churches, one Presbyterian, two Methodist, and two Bap- 
tist — three flourishing schools, one of which has upwards of 100 
scholars — a temperance society, numbering upwards of 500 members — 
and about 1500 inhabitants. The houses are generally well built, and 
of a pleasant appearance. The city is seventy feet above the sea ; 
and the temperature is mild and agreeable, the thermometer not varying 
more than from 68 to 87 deg., and the inhabitants enjoying, most of 
the time, a refreshing sea-breeze The streets are 100 feet wide, 
crossing each other at right angles. The harbor, which is formed by 
the mouth of the river, is convenient and capacious for vessels of 
moderate dimensions. 

" Seven miles north of the outlet of the Mesurado, is the river St. 
Paul's on which is the town of Caldwell. This town, after the plan 
of some American villages, has but one street, which, a mile and a half 
long, is planted on either side with a beautiful row of plaintain and 
banana trees. Caldwell is an agricultural establishment, and is 
flourishing. It has three churches, three day schools, and three Sun- 
day schools. It is an interesting fact that one of the native kings 
recently applied at one of these day schools for the admission of twelve 
children ; which request, however, could not be granted, as the school 
was already full. 

" Between Caldwell and Monrovia, on Stockton creek, is a settlement 
of recaptured Africans, called New Georgia, and planted in part, by 
the aid of our General Government. It contains 500 inhabitants, 
who, although they were once the miserable tenants, in chains, of the 
loathsome slave-ship, are now living in the enjoyment of the blessings 
of Christian and civilized life. This place has a church and near two 
hundred houses. Mr. Buchanan, Agent of the Young Men's Society 
of Pennsylvania, who visited the place, says respecting this settlement, 
''The air of perfect neatness, thrift, and comfort, which every where 
prevails, affords a lovely commentary on the advancement which these 
interesting people have made in civilization and Christian order, under 
the patronage of the Colonization Society. Imagine to yourself, 
some two or three hundred houses, with streets intersecting each 
other at regular distances, preserved clean as the best swept side-walk 
in Philadelphia, and lined witli well planted hedges of Cassava and of 
Plum ; a school-house full of orderly children, neatly dressed, and 
studiously engaged : and then say whether 1 was guilty of extrava- 
gance in exclaiming as I did, after surveying this most lovely scene, 
i hat had the Colonization Society accomplished no more than has 



5 

been done in the rescue from slavery and savage habits of these happy 
people, I should have been well satisfied. 

" North-east of Monrovia, twenty miles, on the same river, at the 
foot of the highlands, is another floifrishing town called Millsburgh, 
containing about 500 inhabitants, two churches, and one school, and 
rapidly increasing by new colonists. Millsburgh has peculiar advan- 
tages, enabling it to become the commercial medium between the 
interior and sea-coast.* The land is fertile, and the forests abound 
Avith excellent timber. The town is represented as very neat and 
healthy. Another town of recent settlement is Marshall. 

"Another considerable settlement in Liberia, is that very flourishing 
colony formed under the patronage of the Maryland Colonization So- 
ciety, and also fostered by the State, at Cape Palmas, called New 
Maryland. This colony, which now numbers between three and four 
hundred inhabitants, is advantageously located, and promises to excel 
in agriculture. Its situation is high, open, free from any surround- 
ing marshes, and most favorable to health. Its inhabitants are repre- 
sented as temperate, intelligent, and industrious ; and as giving evidence 
of mental as well as physical energy, that greatly encourages the 
confident hope and expectation that they will yet occupy an honorable 
rank among the civilized world. 

" Besides these, there are the flourishing settlements more recently 
commenced at Edina and Bassa Cove, the one beautifully situated on 
the south, and the other on the north side of the St. John's, near its 
mouth. Also, about eighty miles south-east from Bassa Cove, on the 
river Sinoe, the Mississippi Colonization Society have purchased a 
territory, and commenced a colony. The Louisiana Society propose 
the settlement of a colony on the opposite side of the river, and it is 
expected that Virginia, by her State Society, will plant within the 
Liberian territory a colony to be called New Virginia, and that Ken- 
tucky will soon follow her example. 

" A more fertile soil, and a more productive country, it would be diffi- 
cult to find on the face of the earth. Its hills and its plains are cover- 
ed with a verdure that never fades ; the productions of nature keep on 
in their growth through all seasons of the year ; and even the natives 
of the country, almost without farming tools or skill, with very little 
labor, raise more grain and vegetables than they can consume, and 
often more than they can sell. 

" Mr. Park, the traveller, says, 'All the rich and valuable productions, 
both of the East and West Indies, might easily be naturalized, and 
brought to the utmost perfection in the tropical parts of this immense 
continent. Nothing is wanting to this end, but example to enlighten 
the minds of the natives, and instruction to enable them to direct their 
industry to proper objects. It was not possible for me to behold the 
wonderful fertility of the soil ; the vast herds of cattle, proper both 
for labor and food ; and a variety of other circumstances favorable to 
colonization and agriculture ; and reflect, withal, on the means which 
presented themselves of a vast inland navigation, without lamenting 



* The St. Paul's Kivcr is supposed to have a course of from 200 to 'J0O mites. 



6 

that a country so gifted and favored by nature, should remain in its 
present savage and neglected state.' 

" The colonists have all the domestic animals which are found in 
this country. They raise a great variety of vegetables and tropical 
fruits. Coffee grows spontaneously, and of an excellent kind. The 
attention of several of the most respectable colonists has been turned 
to its cultivation, and 20,000 coffee trees have been planted by a 
single individual. The indigo plant is indigenous, and grows wild 
almost every where on the coast ; cotton is easily cultivated and the 
crops are productive ; the sugar-cane is found on many parts of the 
coast of Africa, and may be cultivated in Liberia ; rice is easy of 
cultivation, and has long been the principle article of food to the na- 
tives ; and as peculiar to Africa, it grows as well upon the high as 
the low land ; bananas of an excellent and delicious kind, plantains, 
oranges, fine flavored and very large, and limes, are common ; maize, 
or Indian corn, ripens in three months, and succeeds well ; pineapples 
are very good and in great abundance ; cocoanut trees flourish well ; 
pumpkins, squashes or simelins, cucumbers, watermelons, and musk- 
melons, arrive at great perfection in that climate ; cassada and yams 
are found in all parts of the coast, and are mnch used for food ; palm 
oil is produced in abundance ; tamarinds of various kinds ; gum 
Senegal and copal are articles of export in vast quantities ; pepper, and 
a variety of other spices, including cayenne, ginger, cubebs, cardamum, 
nutmegs, and cinnamon, are common on the coast ; several valuable 
dye-woods are found, of which camwood and barwood are exported 
in considerable quantities ; gold abounds in many parts of Africa, and 
the amount exported may be greatly increased ; ivory is also a great 
article of commerce, and timber of almost every quality. All these, 
and many other productions, are found in Africa, and are, or may be, 
sources of advantage and of profit to the Liberian colony. The late 
colonial agent speaks of seeing at one of the beautiful villag?s of the 
recaptured Africans, a tract of one hundred acres planted with 
cassada, interspersed with patches of Indian corn and sweet pota- 
toes. 

" Such is the position of the colony, that its commercial advantages 
are great. It is the central point in a long extent of sea coast ; and 
extensive relations of trade may be established between it and a vast 
interior. New avenues are continually opening with the interior 
tribes, and no one can calculate the importance which some parts of 
Liberia may be expected to assume at some future, and not far distant 
day. 

" The colony is already engaged considerably in commerce. 

"From January 7, 1826, to June 16, 1826, the nett profits on wood 
and ivory alone, passing through the hands of the settlers, was $30,- 
786. Passing on to 1829, we find the exports of African products to 
amount to $60,000. In 1831, 46 vessels, 21 of which were Am rican, 
visited the colony, and the amount of exports was $83,911. During 
the year ending May 1, 1832, 59 vessels had visited the port of 
Monrovia, and the exports during the same period amounted to $125,- 
540 16, whilst the imports amounted to $80,000. 



<* A portion of the colonists are continually and actively engaged in 
trade, disposing to the natives, of English and American, and other 
goods, and receiving in return dye-woods, ivory, hides, gold, palm oil, 
tortoise shell, rice, &c, which become articles of exportation and of 
great profit." 

For the people of color, the climate of Liberia is a delightful one. 
The natives of that part of Africa are very healthy. Many live to 
a great age, and are an athletic, hardy race of men. Nothing like 
an epidemic has ever appeared in the colony, nor is it learned from 
the natives that the calamity of a sweeping sickness ever yet visited 
that part of the Continent. 

To acclimated emigrants of color, Africa proves a more congenial 
climate than any portion of the United States. 

The accommodation and comforts now afforded to the emigrants, 
the skilful ness of the Physicians, and the experience had in seasoning, 
as it is termed, have disarmed it of its terrors, by subjecting the fever 
to the control of medicine, and by proper precaution greatly mitigate 
its severity. In many cases but little inconvenience is experienced 
from it, and very few cases now prove mortal. The colonies in 
Liberia are very prosperous, and exceed the most sanguine expect, 
ations of the friends of the enterprise. The Colonists are contented 
and happy, and are realizing their highest anticipations. 

In a resolution adopted at one of their public meetings they de- 
clare, " that so far from a desire to return to the United States, they 
would regard such an event as the greatest calamity that could befall 
them." They expressed their warmest gratitude for what the Colo- 
nization Society have done for the people of color, and for them in 
particular, and urge all to come and participate in the blessings they 
enjoy. The Colonists consider that they have started into a new exist- 
ance, and feel proud of their attitude — they enjoy all the unalien- 
able rights of man, and are doing better for themselves and children 
than they could do in any other part of the world. 

The morals of the Colonists are represented as superior to the 
same population in almost any part of the United States. Intempe- 
rance and profanity are rarely witnessed among them ; the Sabbath is 
strictly observed, and all its institutions greatly respected. Their 
Courts of Justice are characterized by good order and decorum — 
the dignity and good sense of the judges — the shrewdness and legal 
acumen of the counsel — the patient attention of the jury, all of 
whom are of course colored people, and by whom all public business 
of the Colony is transacted. 

A monthly newspaper is established at Monrovia, called "The 
Liberia Herald." 



8 

A weekly mail has been established between BaSsa Cove and 
Monrovia. 

The managers of the Maryland Colonization Society have resolv- 
ed to purchase a vessel of 200 tons, to ply regularly between Balti- 
more and Liberia. She is to be fitted expressly for carrying out 
passengers and freight to the colonies. 

The Colonization enterprise is confessedly one of the most benevo- 
lent which characterizes the present age. It in fact combines in its 
effects and consequences almost all others. Its first effect is to ele- 
vate the condition of the free people of color who accept of the bene- 
volence of the Society. These people in the United States are in deep 
moral and political degradation — although they have the name of 
freemen, they do not participate in any of the peculiar privileges of 
freemen, and under existing circumstances they are without hope of 
a change for the better, especially in this section of the country. 
Nature has drawn a line of distinction, in color, which never can be 
obliterated. However kindly they may and ought to be treated — 
however they may and ought to be protected by the laws, they can 
never expect to become the companions of the white men — to mingle 
with them in all their associations — to exercise with them the right 
of suffrage, or occupy any office in the gift of the people — nor to 
attain to any important distinction in the community in which they 
live. They have no object to excite their ambition, but on the con- 
trary, every thing to dissatisfy them, to render them unhappy, indo- 
lent, vicious, and revengeful, to mark more distinctly, by their con- 
duct that inequality between the two classes, which is evinced by 
the difference in their respective numbers in the poor houses and peni- 
tentiaries of the country, which is as six of the colored to one of the 
white population, supposing their numbers equal. Their condition 
will be entailed upon their descendants until the latest genera- 
tion. 

By colonization, the free people of color will be restored to the land 
of their forefathers — placed upon perfect equality with each other 
— and with their countrymen enjoy all the rights and privileges of 
freemen — participate in their honors, and be identified with them in 
their future national glory. By colonization the natives of Africa 
will become educated, civilized, and christianized. These effects are 
already disclosing themselves. Some of the kings and head-men 
have applied to have their children admitted to the schools of the 
colony. They are desirous they should learn the language, manners, 
and customs of the Colonists and of their late country. In the recent 
negotiations with some of their kings and head-men, in behalf of the 
Colonization Society of Maryland for lands upon which to locate 
their Colony, these head-men required in part consideration, a stipu- 



9 

lation on the part of the Society that they would establish a public 
school in three of the native towns designated. 

Up to the time of the first location of the Colony, the horrid cus- 
tom of offering human sacrifices prevailed in the neighborhood of the 
first settlements — this custom has now ceased. The effect of colo- 
nization upon the re-captured slaves located in New Georgia is pe- 
culiarly striking. Its influence in checking the slave trade is also 
obvious. The weaker tribes are seeking protection from their more 
powerful neighbors, under the colonies, as a security against depreda- 
tions committed for the purposes of capture and slavery. The colonies 
at Mesurado and Bassa Cove occupy the sites of the largest slave 
factories on the coast of Africa. The Slave trade is almost wholly ex- 
cluded from the shores of Liberia ; and it is confidently expected that 
the example and influence of the colonies, of morals and religion upon 
the natives, will induce the abandonment of this cruel traffic — especi- 
ally when they shall learn that the product of the labor of one indus- 
trious man employed in agriculture or otherwise, will produce double 
the value in one year that they have hitherto received for two slaves 
for life, and that by the product of their labor, they will be enabled 
through the increasing commerce of their country to supply them- 
selves with all the luxuries of life more abundantly than they have 
ever done by their traffic in slaves. 

The hope was for awhile cherished that an association of the na- 
tions of Europe and of the United States would ere this have put an 
end to this disgrace to all civilized nations, and its consequent mise- 
ries. But it is no longer entertained. Colonization presents the last 
hope of the Christian Philanthropist, and he has as it were the as- 
surances of Heaven that it shall be realized. 

One other important effect of Colonization, is a willingness on the 
part of the slave-holders to emancipate their Slaves that they may 
find an asylum in that land of freedom to which all the emancipated 
are invited. 

It is said that in one year, more than 2000 slaves have been offered 
the Colonization Society from five different States, with a desire ex- 
pressed by both master and slave for a passage to Liberia. And 
one individual, a Mr. Ross, in the State of Mississippi, by his last 
will and testament manumitted 170 slaves, and provided for their out- 
fit to Liberia, and bequeathed the residue of his estate, estimated at 
four hundred thousand dollars to the American Colonization Society. 

In view of its effects, Colonization is an enterprise which recom- 
mends itself to every friend of liberty, patriot, philanthropist, and 
christian throughout the land, but particularly to Jerseymen. 
' The Inhabitants of a portion of New Jersey (Somerset and Essex), 



10 

early petitioned the King of Great Britain against the introduction 
of Slaves into the American Colonies, as not only cruel but impolitic. 
New Jersey was among the first of the States, who adopted mea- 
sures for the gradual abolition of slavery. 

A Jerseyman first proposed and powerfully urged the forma- 
tion of the American Colonization Society. A Jerseyman was his 
zealous coadjutor and first Secretary of the Society. Some of its 
most distinguished members and patrons are Jerseymen. They were 
Jerseymen who successfully negotiated the first highly important 
treaty with the natives of Africa for the territory upon which the 
first colony was located. He was a Jerseyman who superintended 
its location — and two of the most efficient agents m the cause of 
colonization are Jerseymen — sons of the father of the Society, one 
of whom has thus far directed all his energies in exciting the atten- 
tion of the citizens of the different States to the enterprise of coloniz- 
ation, and enlisting not only individuals but States in its behalf. The 
other has consented to leave his home, his friends, his country, to sub- 
ject himself to all the inconveniences of an infant colony of free 
people of color, and to hazard his life in the climate of Africa in sup- 
porting the settlement, and administering to the comforts and happi- 
ness of the colonists. And Jerseymen now offer through the instru- 
mentality of the New Jersey Colonization Society to the free persons 
of color resident in it gratuitously to restore them to the land of their 
forefathers — to place them in a distinct settlement by themselves if 
they prefer it, under some one of the existing colonies where they 
can enjoy all the rights and privileges of freemen — where they can 
mark on the map of Africa the name of New Jersey, and in its history 
the kindness of their benefactors, and their gratitude for the bene- 
faction. 

New Jersey was a participator in the wrong of slavery. The best 
and most effective satisfaction she can now render for the trespass 
she has committed, is, to restore them to their country. Let every 
Jerseyman consider himself bound to contribute both by bis influence 
and money to carry on this great and benevolent enterprise of Co- 
lonization, by which only it is at present practicable to elevate the 
condition of the free people of color — accelerate the emancipation of 
those yet in bondage — preserve the unity of the government — kind 
and brotherly feelings among the members of this great political 
family, and ensure tranquility and peace throughout all our borders. 

In making up this Sketch, Iroo recourse has been had to "The Plea for Africa," ]>y 
the Rev. Mr. Freeman, ofManyunk, Pennsylvania, third edition, published at Philadelphia. A 
book which ought to he posseeied ami attentively read by r-vcry phiianthrophiat and friend of 
Colonization. 



11 



To the foregoing sketch we add the report of the recent proceed- 
ings at Newark from the Newark Daily Advertiser. The state- 
ments of the Speakers from Liberia, it will be observed, fully corro- 
rate our sketch — 

The meeting in the First Presbyterian Church on Wednesday 
evening, June 27th, furnished gratifying evidence of public interest in 
the Colonization cause. The large house was well filled at an early 
hour, and we have seldom seen so large an assembly in this city on 
any similar occasion, certainly never on this subject. The meeting 
was called to order by William Halsey, Esq., when Ciiief Justice 
Hornblower was appointed President, the Hon. Silas Condit and 
Stephen Dod, Vice Presidents, and Wm. G. Lord, Secretary. 

Mr. Halsey then stated the objects of the meeting, being an en- 
deavor to revive an interest in the enterprise, to organize an Auxiliary 
to the New Jersey Colonization Society, and, to appoint delegates to 
the State Convention in Trenton on the 10th July. Mr. H. here 
introduced to the meeting Mr. Brown, a man of color, and a Missiona- 
ry recently from Liberia, who offered the following resolution — 

Resolved,' That the success of the Colonization enterprise, exceed- 
ing the most sanguine expectations of its friends, should excite them 
to continued and increased exertions to extend and perpetuate its 
benefits. 

Mr. Brown remarked that he derived great pleasure from being- 
able, after much personal observation, to give his decided testimony in 
favor of this cause. He had been 14 months in Africa, and had 
become familiar with the condition, feelings, and prospects of most or 
all of the settlements. He was himself originally prejudiced against 
the Colonization cause, but he had become convinced by his own 
personal experience, by what he had seen with his own eyes, that it 
was not only a practicable enterprise, but that it was full of hope and 
promise, and that it afforded advantages to his race now in this 
country, nowhere else to be found. Mr. B. then gave a brief and 
most satisfactory account of the state of Colonies, and successfully 
answered the objections which have been made to emigration. — 
The climate he declared to be superior to any in the U. S. for the 
colored people. He had himself been much afflicted with disease 
before he went there, but had entirely recovered in that country. 
The Colonists generally enjoy better health than any similar popula- 
tion in our country. There had been a favorable change in this 
particular, within two years, and since the country had been cleared 
and cultivated. 

There was no Winter in the Colonies, and it was never so hot in the 
Summer months as it sometimes is in the U. S. The country is 
clothed in perpetual green, and two crops are produced in the year. 
During 14 months he had been only two weeks without cucumbers 
and peas. The soil is fertile and easily tilled. Mr. B. gave a cheering 
account of the social and moral condition of the people. He averred 
over and over again that he knew of no settlements in this country, 
and he had travelled cxtensivelv. so free from vice and immorality, or 



i ... 

which enjoyed superior moral and religious advantages. Hit, heart 
had been affected with the amount of intemperance and profaneness 
every where exibited through our villages, but he had never seen a 
drunken man in Liberia — not one ; and a profane word was rarely 
heard. The truth is, said he, that men live and thrive there by moral 
character : the popular sentiment is a more effectuaj restraint upon 
vicious character than the statute book, and when emigrants come in 
they soon find that it is disreputable to violate the rules of decency 
and order. The means of Education are abundantly provided, and 
well qualfied teachers are now engaged in the several departments of 
instruction. The Sabbath, too, is universally and religiously observed, 
and there have been 30 converts from the native tribes within the last 
8 months. There are also several native children in the schools. 

Mr. B. spoke with much animation of the general happiness of the 
people, and remarked that it would be impossible adequately to de- 
scribe their manifestations of gratitude and joy at the anniversary 
celebrations of their deliverance from the land of bondage. They 
felt themselves freemen, in the full enjoyment of all the blessings of 
liberty, religion, and law. The Colonization Society had accomplish- 
ed wonders. No other enterprise had greater claims upon the sympa- 
thies and beneficence of the country. Under its auspices religion, 
civlization and letters had been planted on the shores of benighted 
Africa, and their blessed influence was destined to spread until its 
swarming tribes were enlightened and redeemed. 

The manner and appearance of this Speaker entirely conciliated 
confidence and attention, and we have seldom seen an audience more 
interested. — Every one seemed to feel that they had before them a 
living and unanswerable demonstration of the wisdom, the benevolence, 
and the practicability of the Colonization enterprize. 

The Rev. Mr. Matthias, the Governor of Bassa Cove and Edina, 
was then introduced, and in the course of an excellent address fully 
corroborated the statements of Mr. Brown. In relation to the health 
of the colonists, he exibited bills of mortality to show that the deaths 
did not average over one a month. Gov. M. referred to the growing 
intelligence of the people, and said he had been both surprised and 
delighted with the discussions in his Council. The offices arc well 
filled by colored men. He spoke of the rich and abounding fruits of 
the earth, and of the flattering prospects of individual and public ad- 
vancement and wealth. Valuable improvements were now going 
forward, and he mentioned one individual who had built 5 or G houses. 
Gov. M. also testified to the quiet and orderly character of the people, 
and remarked that the example was making a strong impression 
vipon the native tribes — none of whom ever ventured to intrude during 
the Sabbath. 

But time fails us, and we must suspend our report of these interest- 
ing statements. Gov. M. exibited various specimens of the native 
productions, cotton, coffee, hemp, A>:c. 

The following resolution was offered In Mr. 1! vxsey, and unani- 
mously adopted — 

Resolved, That it is essentia] to the extension and perpetuity of 
I he benefits of Colonization that an auxiliary colonization Society be 



* 



■% 






13 

immediately organized in the city of Newark, and that the example 
should be followed in every city, town, and village in New Jersey. 

A committee was then appointed to draft a constitution consisting 
of Messrs. F. B. Betts, Silas Merchant, Jabez P. Pennington, J. P 
Jackson, and Isaac Baldwin. Mr. Halsey stated that pledges of 
funds to the amount of 81250 had already been obtained from 85 citi- 
zens of Newark, and that 300 persons had agreed to become members 
of the Society, and to pay $1 entrance, and one dollar annually. 
The total amount pledged to be paid is $1560, besides the annual 
subscription of $300. 

Mr. H. also referred with much gratification to the prevailing dis- 
position of our citizens to sustain the enterprise, and remarked that 
notwithstanding the pressure of the times, they had exibited a high 
degree of liberality. 

The meeting was also addressed by the Rev. Mr. Eddy, and Mr. 
Frelinghuysen, who pressed home the importance of the cause with 
characteristic force and eloquence. 

The following delegates were appointed to the State Convention, 
viz : Messrs. John Taylor, Asa Whitehead, Amzi Armstrong, O. S. 
Halsted, Dr. J. G. Goble, Rev. Messrs. Eddy and Wells, and Wm. 
B. Kinney. 

The audience was then dismissed by the Rev. Dr. Hillyer, of 
Orange, and the meeting adjourned to Thursday evening at 8 o'clock. 



At the adjourned meeting of the Colonization Convention, held at 
the Park House last evening, Stephen Dod, one of the Vice Presi- 
dents, took the chair. The committee appointed at the last meeting^ 
reported a constitution for the Colonization Society of the city of 
Newark, auxiliary to the NeAV Jersey Colonization Society, which 
was read section by section, and unanimously adopted. 

The following gentlemen were elected officers of the Society for 
the ensuing year : — 

President John Taylor; Vice Presidents, Caleb H. Shifmax 
and Hanford Smith ; Secretary, W. G. Lord ; Treasurer, Dr. L. A. 
Smith. 

managers, 

J. C. Garthwaite. James Hague, Jun. 

Jos. N. Tuttle, Joel W. Condit, 

Calvin Baldwin, David Clarkson, 

Wm. Halsey, Silas Merchant, 

James N. Joralemon, Jonas Agens, 

Matthias W. Day, F. B. Betts, 

Martin Ryerson," J. P. Jackson, 

Moses Bigelow, Saml.H. Congar, 

Dr. S. H. Pennington, Rev. Messrs. Eddy, 
Horace Baldwin, Wells, 

Jabez W. Havs Treat, 

J. M. Quinbv, McCarvoll, 



II 

Rev. Messrs. Ay res, Rev. Messrs. Chapman. 

Hoover, Cheever, 

Henderson, and Dodge, 

Resolved, That the several clergy of the several churches in this 
city be respectfully requested to take up collections in their respective 
churches at the approaching anniversary in aid of Colonization. 

Resolved, That the following gentlemen be added to the list of 
delegates to be held in Trenton on the 10th July, viz : — Wm. Halsey, 
J. P. Jackson and James Miller. 

The following is the entire list, viz : 
John Taylor,' Rev. Mr. Eddy, 

Jabez W. Hays, Rev. Mr. Wells, 

Asa Whitehead, Wm. B. Kinney, 

Amzi Armstrong, Win. Halsey, 

O. S. Halsted, J. P. Jackson, 

Dr. J. G. Goble, James Miller. 

J. Hague, Jun. 



Names of Citizens of Newark Contributors to the New Jersey Colo- 
nization Society from Fifty to Five Dollars, both inclusive. 



Charles Ailing 
David Ailing 
John Ailing 
Henry Ailing 
Isaac Andruss 
Mrs C B Arden 
Isaac Baldwin 
Moses Bigelow 
Samuel Baldwin 
Jesse Baldwin 
Aaron Beach 
Frederick B Betts 
J B Betts 
Robert Baldwin 
E E Boudinot 
David Ball 
Geo W Blake 
Abraham Cross 
Jabez Cook 
John Chetwood 
Samuel II Congar 
John 11 Crocket 
David B Crocket 
Elijah Crane 
John S Darcy 
James Dawes 
Luke Davies 
Matthias W Day 
D Disosway 
Amos I »; v 
J ane F Finlcv 



Helen Finley 
Honorable Theodore 

Frelinghuysen 
J C Garthwaite 
Win Garthwaite 
J G Goble 

Joseph C Hornblower 
Jabez W Hayes 
William Halsey 
Joseph H Halsey 
Samuel Hays 
Smith Halsey 
Charles A Halsey 
James Hamilton 
John T Hedenburgh 
Charles L Hall 
David A Hayes 
Oliver S Halsted 
James L Harrison 
John P Jackson 
James N Joralemon 
James Keen 
Moses R King 
O W Kino- 
Hon. J P B Maxwell 
Isaac Meeker 
James Mitchell 
S Morris 
Thomas Morton 
C S Macknclt 
Isaac Nichols 



David Nichols 
Whitfield Nichols 
Jonathan Osborn jr 
His Excellency 

William Pennington 
Henry Parkhurst 
Samuel H Penninsrton 
Jabez P Pennington 
Daniel Price 
John M Quimby 
William Rankin 
R O Robertson 
Andrew Rankin 
John Rutherfurd jr 
Leonard Richards 
Hon. Sam'l L Southard 
Hon. C. Siratton 
Hanford Smith 
William Sandford 
Samuel Sayres 
William Shugard 
John S Taylor 
William Tuttle 
Joseph N Tuttle 
Calvin Tompkins 
Stephen Van Cortlandt 
Mrs. J Van Cortlandt 
Thomas L Vantilburg 
Moses Ward 
Rodney Wilbur 
John Vountr 



15 



Members of the Newark Auxiliary Colonization Society of the City 

of Newark. 



Jonas Agens 
David Ailing 
William Armstrong 
Amzi Armstrong 
William Aldridge 
Lyman S Averill 
Jacob Allen 
James Agens 
Roderick Ailing 
Henry Adams 
Horace E Baldwin 
Abraham Bragaw 
David C Brown 
J A Bowles 
William A Baldwin 
Calvin Baldwin 
Stephen Brown 
Joseph Blake 
David C Ball 
James Black 
Terah Benedict 
Daniel BJean 
L S Bassett 
Stephen S Burnet 
Charles O Bolles 
Joseph Barton 
Geo W Blako 
Samuel W Baldwin 
D C Bosworth 
Wm W Baldwin 
Samuel Baldwin 
Jesse Baldwin jr 
Charles W Badger 
David Bruen 
Isaac Brant 
Abraham Beach 
Wm Bradner 
Jacob Bush 
Samuel B Brown 
Charles H Burnet 
Jesse Ballentine jr 
D Brison 
H Biuen 
J B Bradley 
J R Beach 
Samuel Baldwin 
John I Camp 
A Campfield 
Robert B Campfield 
John Clark 
W S B Clark 
Samuel H Congar 
D D Crane 
D Colton jr 
Edward Cook 
James B Clark 



T B Crowell 
Wm D Comes 
Geo Cross 
Ellis H Cook 
Daniel B Conklin 
John Chapman 
Mumford W Casterline 
A B Campfield 
Caleb C Crocket 
Stephen Conorar 
A W Canfield 
Amoa K Carter 
A Campbell 
Thomas Collyer 
Lewis Carter 
David W Crane 
Robert Conn 
Daniel Condit 
Joel W Condit 
John Chadwick 
Ashbel W Corey 
James Cairnes 
Daniel Clarkson 
Abraham Clark 
Elijah Crane 
Aaron Camp 
B Cleveland 
Geo M Dawes 
Henry 8 Darcy 
Matthias Dodd 
Cornelius P Dickerson 
Abner Dod 
David Doremus 
Levi Dayton 
Lewis Dunn 
Charles E De Hart 
Charles T Day 
Stephen Dod 
James Dixon 
Isaac Davis 
Samuel Douglas 
B B Douglas 
Geo Dunn 
Elihu Day 
J L Douglas 
Geo D wight 
S Doyle 
Israel Eagles 
P M Earle 
AD Eddy 
Reuben Edmunds 
F T Frelinghuysen 
Theo Frelinghuysen, jr 
Win S Faitoute 
Samuel E Farrand 
Calvin Freeman 



Wm W Ford 
Jeremiah Doyle 
H M Douglas 
J T Garthwaite 
J C Garthwaite 
John Garside 
J W Grannia 
S R Grover 
John Gardner 
John L Goble 
Wm J Grieve 
Joseph Gould jr 
Elisha W Goble 
Wm B Guild 
Charles T Gray 
J G Goble 
Charles Grant 
C S Graham 
Andrew Garrock 
Lister Griffing 
C S Haines 
John Hathaway 
John Hays 
G D Jluestis 
J C Hi^gins 
Uriah HafT 
Edward T Hillyer 
Wm H Harris 
Franklin Holden 
Eli Holloway 
George H Howell 
James Hague jr 
Charles Hoyt 
Lewis A Hall 
Olivers Halsted 
George Hay 
J H Halsey 
James W Hewson 
E J Harrison 
David A Hays 
John Humes 
H S Hubble 
N Hedges 
Jacob Haft" 
M S Harrison 
Thomas Holden 
A P Howell 
Wm Hall 
Geo W Hennion 
Charles A Harrison 
John W Inneaa 
John P Jube 
James Jacobus 
John P Jackson 
James Johnston 
A J Johnson 



Cornelius 1 Jacobus 
Jacob II Johnson 
John Jelliff 
Garret Jacobus 
Henry I Kipp 
Silas Kitchell 
James Keene 
Wm B Kinney 
Z H Kitchen 
J H Kimball 
Thos Kirk patrick 
DericK Lynch 
Thomas Lee 
E M Leonard 
Israel C Losey 
Richard Lewis 
William Lee 
Wm G Lord 
John Lee 
Thaddeus Lyman 
Joseph Law 
W E Layton 
Wm T Mercer 
Oba Meeker 
Wm Myer 
James McNiel 
Ely Meeker 
S Miller 

Samuel Morehouse 
Henry A Morrison 
P Matthews 
Joseph Y Miller 
B McCormick, jr 
Hugh McDougal 
Thomas C Mandeville 
Cornelius Messereau 
Benjamin Myers 
Wm Murphy 
Samuel B Miller 
Richard Miller 
H B Miller 
Silas Merchant 
J McColgan 
D S Moore 
Ira Merchant 
F P Medina 
Thomas McKeon 
Jonathan Nesbitt 
Aaron Nichols 
Robert Nichols 
Aaron I Nichols 
Isaac Nichols 
David Nichols 
Dennis Osborn 



10 

11 .1 Poinier 
E B Poinier 
John H Pounden 
Nehemiah Perry 
P H Porter 
John I Peshine 
Edward Plunket 
A R Pierson 
A O Pierson 
Thomas H Pratt 
Thomas Pye 
Aaron Price 
B T Pierson 
Hervey Park 
Thomas W Pieisoa 
J B Pinneo 
J Cortlandt Parker 
A Potter 
George Rohde 
Martin Ryerson 
IN Robins jr 
Henry Rogers 
John Remer 
Lewis Randolph 
Abner S Reeve 
Elisha K Redfield 
Moses Ross 
George Stoutinger 
Simon Searing 
John J Sutton 
Richard Sweazy 
Charles T Shipman 
L A Smith 
Wm Stevens 
Geo C Sindle 
Stephen Sayre 
Wm M Scudder 
Oliver Smith 
Thomas Sprunt 
John Searing 
Jacob Stucky 
Robert Stoutenburgh 
George C Sickles 
E Stewart 
Jacob Speor 
Isaac Speer 
D Smith 
G M Spencer 
S G Sturges 
B Stiles 
Samuel Searing 
Wm Starrs 
Geo D Small 
P Sythoff 



H V Studdiloru 
Wm Sip 
H I Sip 
Thomas Sproat 
Isaac C Thomas 
Asa Torrey 
James Tichenor 
James T Tichenor 
Uzal J Tuttle 
JohnT Tompkins 
Win Turnbull 
James Tucker 
James Travers 
Calvin Tompkins 
John P Thompson 
J N Tuttle 
Charles Tucker 
F S Thomas 
Alexander M Utter 
AVIeet 

Jacob V NVoorhies 
Elias Van Arsdale, jr 
Edmund Van Antwerp 
John Van Wagenen 
Thomas L Vantilburg 
John P Vanness 
James Vanderpool 
Geo H Vernon 
Drake Webster 
George Webb 
Eenjamin T. Woodruff 
James Wheeler 
Obadiah Woodruff 
T T Woodruff 
John J Ward 
Ezra Whitehead 
James M Woodruff 
Moses Woodruff 
John B Woodruff 
Amos Wilcox 
T C Ward 
C C Williams 
Joseph Walling 
T A Waldron 
J II Woodhull 
Isaac Ward 
John Weldon 
Asa Whitehead 
James C Wilcox 
P P Wadley 
Charles E Young 
Wm Young 
J L Young 
Nathaniel Young 



. hive boon added since the meeting, so as to increase the 



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